As we look at the high yield bond market, it is important to have an understanding of the fixed income marketplace and the investment options within it. The first thing to note is the sheer size, which is massive (just under $40 trillion).1 Somewhat surprisingly, mortgages represent the second largest single subcategory of the bond market; this helps to explain why problems in the mortgage market nearly took down the entire financial system in 2008. The largest subcategory is U.S. Treasury debt.
Yet, a sizable 22% of the fixed income universe is represented by “corporate credit” through leveraged loans, high yield bonds and investment grade corporate bonds. What comes as a surprise to many investors is that the non-investment grade sector of loans and bonds has grown to become a major asset class, now over $2.2 trillion. After record issuance in the leveraged loan and high yield market in 2013, we saw 2014 levels near these records, indicating continued growth and that this segment of the market will likely continue to make up a larger percentage of the fixed income pie in the future.
By looking at the chart above, it is obvious that corporate credit plays a major role in financial markets, yet, for some reason, bonds have always been considered too complex for individual investors and often remain misunderstood. While it is true that large players, such as insurance companies, pension funds and banks, dominate the landscape, bonds at their core are simple. A bond is a loan. A company can issue debt (bonds) or equity (stock). The debt/bonds rank ahead of equities in a company’s capital structure, so are considered less risky. This ranking means that bondholders have a priority claim on the company’s cash flows and get paid first. Corporate bonds have a maturity and an interest rate, creating a contracted stream of income for bondholders. They typically pay this interest twice per year but trade with accrued interest, meaning that a buyer can buy the bond any time before the pay date but would have to pay the seller the accrued interest up to that point. The maturity is the date at which the issuer is obligated to pay the bondholder back the “par value” of the bonds. Companies generally have the ability to refinance at some point prior to that maturity, but must typically pay the bondholder a call, or tender premium (pre-payment penalty), to do so. This finite exit strategy, generally either via maturity or refinancing, is one of the great features that we see of bonds versus equities.
Another misunderstanding investors have relating to bonds is that a bond is issued and then goes away into the hands of investors, never to trade again. Most people do not understand that corporate bonds have an active and liquid secondary market, much like stocks. The difference is that the “bond exchange” is not a physical location like the New York Stock Exchange. Rather it is an electronic market created and maintained by large banks and investment banks. These features apply to both high yield and investment grade bonds.
For more on the history and development of the high yield asset class, a discussion the legislation and ratings methodologies that have created what we see as opportunities in the marketplace, and view compare historical risk adjusted returns with other asset classes, click here to read our updated piece, “The New Case for High Yield: A Guide to Understanding and Investing in the High Yield Market.”
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